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Who Invented Wicca? Gerald Gardner, Crowley, Grimoires, and the Making of Modern Witchcraft
Published 1 week, 6 days ago
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Links For The Occult Rejects
https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects
Occult Research Institute
https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/
Substack
https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page
Cash App
https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects
Venmo
@TheOccultRejects
Patreon
https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects
Core Academic Studies
Callow, John. Gerald Gardner and the Creation of Wicca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025. DOI: 10.1017/9781108956161.
Crandall, Lisa. Text A: Teasing Out the Influences on Early Gardnerian Witchcraft as Evidenced in the Personal Writings of Gerald Brosseau Gardner. Master's thesis, University of Ottawa, 2013.
Doyle White, Ethan. Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2016.
Feraro, Shai, and Ethan Doyle White, eds. Magic and Witchery in the Modern West: Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of The Triumph of the Moon. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Hutton, Ronald. The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Hutton, Ronald. “Crowley and Wicca.” In Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism, edited by Henrik Bogdan and Martin P. Starr, 285–307. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Lewis, Liam. “‘Eko; Eko; Azarak’: Witchcraft, Medieval Gibberish and Queer Untranslatability in High Magic’s Aid.” Sexualities, first published online October 3, 2024. DOI: 10.1177/13634607241287419.
Urban, Hugh B. Magia Sexualis: Sex, Magic, and Liberation in Modern Western Esotericism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
Urban, Hugh B. “The Goddess and the Great Rite: Hindu Tantra and the Complex Origins of Modern Wicca.” In Magic and Witchery in the Modern West, edited by Shai Feraro and Ethan Doyle White, 21–43. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Gardner, Valiente, and Early Wiccan Sources
Gardner, Gerald B. High Magic’s Aid. London: Michael Houghton, 1949.
Gardner, Gerald B. Witchcraft Today. London: Rider, 1954.
Gardner, Gerald B. The Meaning of Witchcraft. London: Aquarian Press, 1959.
Valiente, Doreen. The Rebirth of Witchcraft. London: Robert Hale, 1989.
Valiente, Doreen. Witchcraft for Tomorrow. London: Robert Hale, 1978.
Heselton, Philip. Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner. 2 vols. Loughborough: Thoth Publications, 2012.
Lamond, Frederic. Fifty Years of Wicca. Sutton Mallet: Green Magic, 2004.
Pre-Gardner Witchcraft, Folklore, and Witch-Cult Sources
Leland, Charles Godfrey. Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. London: David Nutt, 1899.
Murray, Margaret Alice. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921.
Murray, Margaret Alice. The God of the Witches. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1931.
Ceremonial Magic, Crowley, and Related Source Material
Mathers, S. L. MacGregor, ed. and trans. The Key of Solomon the King (Clavicula Salomonis). London: George Redway, 1889.
Crowley, Aleister. The Equinox. Various issues, 1909–1919.
Crowley, Aleister. Book 4. Parts I–II originally published 1912–1913; Part III, Magick in Theory and Practice, 1929.
Crowley, Aleister. Liber XV: Ecclesiae Gnosticae Catholicae Canon Missae, commonly known as the Gnostic Mass.
Crowley, Aleister. Liber AL vel Legis (The Book of the Law). 1904.
Woodroffe, John, writing as Arthur Avalon. The Serpent Power. London: Luzac & Co., 1919.
Additional Historical Trails Discussed in the Episode
de Givry, Émile Grillot. Witchcraft, Magic and Alchemy. English translation, 1931.
Fuller, J. F. C. “The Black Arts.” Occult Review 43, no. 5 (1926): 299–308. Discussed and traced by Liam Lewis in the 2024 study cited above.
T
https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects
Occult Research Institute
https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/
Substack
https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page
Cash App
https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects
Venmo
@TheOccultRejects
Patreon
https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects
Core Academic Studies
Callow, John. Gerald Gardner and the Creation of Wicca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025. DOI: 10.1017/9781108956161.
Crandall, Lisa. Text A: Teasing Out the Influences on Early Gardnerian Witchcraft as Evidenced in the Personal Writings of Gerald Brosseau Gardner. Master's thesis, University of Ottawa, 2013.
Doyle White, Ethan. Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2016.
Feraro, Shai, and Ethan Doyle White, eds. Magic and Witchery in the Modern West: Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of The Triumph of the Moon. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Hutton, Ronald. The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Hutton, Ronald. “Crowley and Wicca.” In Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism, edited by Henrik Bogdan and Martin P. Starr, 285–307. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Lewis, Liam. “‘Eko; Eko; Azarak’: Witchcraft, Medieval Gibberish and Queer Untranslatability in High Magic’s Aid.” Sexualities, first published online October 3, 2024. DOI: 10.1177/13634607241287419.
Urban, Hugh B. Magia Sexualis: Sex, Magic, and Liberation in Modern Western Esotericism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
Urban, Hugh B. “The Goddess and the Great Rite: Hindu Tantra and the Complex Origins of Modern Wicca.” In Magic and Witchery in the Modern West, edited by Shai Feraro and Ethan Doyle White, 21–43. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Gardner, Valiente, and Early Wiccan Sources
Gardner, Gerald B. High Magic’s Aid. London: Michael Houghton, 1949.
Gardner, Gerald B. Witchcraft Today. London: Rider, 1954.
Gardner, Gerald B. The Meaning of Witchcraft. London: Aquarian Press, 1959.
Valiente, Doreen. The Rebirth of Witchcraft. London: Robert Hale, 1989.
Valiente, Doreen. Witchcraft for Tomorrow. London: Robert Hale, 1978.
Heselton, Philip. Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner. 2 vols. Loughborough: Thoth Publications, 2012.
Lamond, Frederic. Fifty Years of Wicca. Sutton Mallet: Green Magic, 2004.
Pre-Gardner Witchcraft, Folklore, and Witch-Cult Sources
Leland, Charles Godfrey. Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. London: David Nutt, 1899.
Murray, Margaret Alice. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921.
Murray, Margaret Alice. The God of the Witches. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1931.
Ceremonial Magic, Crowley, and Related Source Material
Mathers, S. L. MacGregor, ed. and trans. The Key of Solomon the King (Clavicula Salomonis). London: George Redway, 1889.
Crowley, Aleister. The Equinox. Various issues, 1909–1919.
Crowley, Aleister. Book 4. Parts I–II originally published 1912–1913; Part III, Magick in Theory and Practice, 1929.
Crowley, Aleister. Liber XV: Ecclesiae Gnosticae Catholicae Canon Missae, commonly known as the Gnostic Mass.
Crowley, Aleister. Liber AL vel Legis (The Book of the Law). 1904.
Woodroffe, John, writing as Arthur Avalon. The Serpent Power. London: Luzac & Co., 1919.
Additional Historical Trails Discussed in the Episode
de Givry, Émile Grillot. Witchcraft, Magic and Alchemy. English translation, 1931.
Fuller, J. F. C. “The Black Arts.” Occult Review 43, no. 5 (1926): 299–308. Discussed and traced by Liam Lewis in the 2024 study cited above.
T