Episode Details

This episode traces Abraham Lincoln through the idea of negative capability, the ability to hold opposing views amid uncertainty without grasping for simple answers. Born in 1809 in a one-room Kentucky cabin, Lincoln watched his father Thomas lose farms in court because land boundaries were marked by trees and boulders, then move the family to Indiana. His mother died of milk sickness, caused by cows eating white snakeroot, when he was nine, and his sister later died in childbirth. His father hired him out and kept his wages, and Lincoln did not attend his funeral, while his stepmother, Sarah Bush Johnston, encouraged the boy who had about a year of schooling to read everything he could borrow.

In New Salem, Illinois, Lincoln wrestled the leader of the Clary's Grove Boys, ran up debt in a failed store, and worked as postmaster and deputy surveyor before teaching himself law from Blackstone. His single House term earned him the nickname Spotty Lincoln for demanding the exact spot where the Mexican War began, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 drew him back into roughly 175 speeches against slavery's expansion. As president he suspended habeas corpus, built a cabinet of rivals including William Seward and Edwin Stanton, overruled generals who freed enslaved people to keep the border states loyal, answered Horace Greeley that saving the Union came first, and framed the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation as a military necessity.

• Lincoln patented a device to help riverboats float in shallow water.
• In the 1858 almanac trial he used astronomical data to show the moon was too low for a witness to have seen Duff Armstrong's alleged crime.
• In a dying declaration case he won admission of the victim's final words, testified to by one of his political rivals.
• He lost his early love Ann Rutledge to typhoid, and three of his four sons with Mary Todd died before adulthood.
• During the Trent affair he released two seized Confederate diplomats to avoid a war with Britain.