Episode Details

On March 21, 1861, Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens addressed a crowd at the Athenaeum in Savannah, Georgia, weeks before the bombardment of Fort Sumter. Seven states had seceded, Lincoln had been in office less than three weeks, and Stephens boasted that the revolution had been bloodless. This episode examines what he said: that the founders, including Jefferson, had been wrong to treat slavery as an evil, and that the new government's cornerstone was white supremacy, defended with polygenism and selective biblical readings.

Stephens also accused the North of caring only about Southern tax revenue and praised the Confederate constitution for barring federally funded internal improvements, letting cabinet members join congressional debates, and limiting presidents to one six year term. After the war, from a cell at Fort Warren in Boston Harbor, he began claiming reporters had misquoted him, laying groundwork for the Lost Cause. The episode notes that the speech was reprinted in full in his own authorized record, that Frederick Douglass used it against the Confederacy, and that a story of Jefferson Davis being furious about it traces back to a 1950s biographer.

• Stephens told the crowd the Confederacy was larger than France, Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom combined.
• He expected the border states to join and federal forces to abandon Fort Sumter without a fight.
• He used the Georgia Railroad to argue that local commerce should pay for local improvements.
• He later recast the speech as being about racial uplift and said the war was only about constitutional differences.
• Harry V. Jaffa concluded the speech captured the soul of the Confederacy and of the Jim Crow era that followed.