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Dawit II Lebna Dengel's Firearm Revolution
Description
Long before Ahmad Gragn's invasion, Emperor Lebna Dengel (Dawit II) tried to modernize Ethiopia's military with imported firearms. This episode reveals how the first Ethiopian ruler to acquire matchlock muskets and cannons from the Portuguese struggled to integrate gunpowder weapons into an ancient army built around cavalry. We follow his failed 1520s campaigns against the Adal Sultanate, the capture of Portuguese firearms by Imam Ahmad, and the devastating consequence: Gragn's army turned those same guns against Ethiopian monasteries and cities. Drawing on the Futuh al-Habasha and Portuguese records, we explore why adoption of new technology stalled, the role of foreign mercenaries, and how this arms race reshaped the Horn of Africa's balance of power for centuries.