Episode Details

Epipen is an exquisitely engineered, expertly marketed, totally modern drug. And it’s an amazing success story, especially if you count success through dollars - Epipen sales rose from $200 million in 2007 to $1 billion a year in 2015 to more than $2 billion in 2023. Epipen is what they call in the pharma business, a blockbuster.

The story of Epipen is also a story of unintended consequences and unexpected discoveries, one that goes from the Azores, some islands in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, to Sweden, the home of the Nobel Prize, to Vietnam, during the Vietnam War.

This story also lands very close to home. Today, Epipens are in schools, they’re in malls, they’re on airplanes, they may even be in your backpack or purse or glove compartment - just in case. So in this episode, we’ll learn all about that.

And there’s also the biggest unintended consequence of all. It turns out that for many of the millions of people like Alex who live with food allergies - and the risk of anaphylaxis - their condition may in fact be the result of one of the biggest blunders of the past century of medicine and public health.

Sources for this episode

[1] A Mighty Pen (2013) Science History Institute Museum and Library: In the 1970s, inventor Sheldon Kaplan developed an epinephrine autoinjector in response to the need for rapid, self-administered injections to treat anaphylactic shock.

[2] Auvi-Q Versus EpiPen: Preferences of Adults, Caregivers, and Children (2013) The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: This study evaluates preference for the Auvi-Q epinephrine autoinjector over the EpiPen among adults, caregivers, and children.

[3] Epinephrine Administered in Anaphylaxis: The Evolution of 0.3 mg Dosage (2023) Therapeutic Advances in Allergy and Rhinology: Anaphylaxis was first formally discovered by French scientists Charles Richet and Paul Portier in experiments with dogs. They found that dogs became more sensitive, rather than less sensitive, to a toxin after an initial small dose.

[4] Northeastern alumnus the genius behind life-saving EpiPen (2016) Northeastern Global News: Sheldon Kaplan reengineered a Cold War-era device, the ComboPen, that delivered a nerve agent antidote, into a device that delivered epinephrine. The new device, EpiPen, was patented under Kaplan’s name in 1977.

[5] Body and Mind; Backward Protection (1989) New York Magazine: Anaphylaxis is a biological mechanism where the immune system provides misguided “backwards protection” by overreacting to allergens such as nuts, penicillin, or insect stings.

[6] The Use of Adrenal Substance In the Treatment of Asthma (1900) Journal of the American Medical Association: Early research by Dr. Solomon Solis-Cohen showed that using extracts from animal adrenal glands could significantly relieve asthma symptoms by strengthening blood vessels and reducing swelling in the airways.

[7] The Allergy Epidemics: 1870–2010 (2015) The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: The rise in allergies over