Episode Details

So a question that I always get asked is: How? How do we integrate different perspectives? Well, it's an art and a science and something that has been explored at length by thinkers from Georg Hegel to Ken Wilber. But for us here today, I'm going to distill it into three questions that I ask myself. Here we go.我经常被问到的一个问题是：“怎么做？”——我们该如何整合不同的观点？这既是一门艺术，也是一门科学，早在黑格尔到肯·威尔伯等思想家那里就被深入探讨过。但今天在这里，我想把它提炼成我自己经常问自己的三个问题。我们开始吧。

First question: Is there an either/or that can be flipped to a both/and? Well, on the issue of race -- yep, we're going there -- the problem is framed as either the system, which is racist, or the individual, who should pull themselves up by their bootstraps.第一个问题：有没有一个“非此即彼”的命题，其实可以转化成“此亦彼亦”？比如在种族议题上——没错，我们要谈这个——问题往往被描述为：要么是系统有种族歧视，要么是个体自己不够努力。

But naturally, the drivers of racial disparity lie originally with the system, but now also to an extent with the individual, which means we must build systems that empower individuals.但事实上，种族差异的根源确实最初来自于系统，但如今也部分归因于个体。这意味着我们需要建立一种既承认系统问题、又能赋能个体的制度。

The question isn’t just do race-based policies work but how might we use race-based policies in a way that allows us to not need them anymore?问题不只是“种族政策是否有效”，而是“我们如何运用种族政策，使有一天我们不再需要它们？”

Second question: Is there an opportunity to shift from “what’s right” to "under what circumstances, if any"? On the issue of abortion, we can shift from “Who’s right, pro-choice or pro-life?” to “Under what circumstances should abortion be legal?”第二个问题：我们是否可以将讨论从“谁对谁错”转向“在什么条件下成立”？比如在堕胎议题上，我们可以从“支持选择权还是支持生命权”这一二元对立，转变为“在什么情况下堕胎应该是合法的？”

And if we leave out "all circumstances" and "no circumstances," and we integrate the rest of the views of the American public, we will likely end up with a policy that generally elevates the rights of the woman up until a point of viability, and then elevates the rights of the fetus, while making exceptions for rape, incest and a threat to the life of the mother.如果我们撇开“任何情况下都可以”与“任何情况下都不可以”这两个极端观点，并融合美国公众的其他意见，我们可能会形成一种折中政策：在胎儿具有生存能力之前优先保障女性权利，之后则更注重胎儿的权利，同时在强奸、乱伦或危及母亲生命的情况下做出例外。

And finally, are there perverse incentives that are making the issue harder to resolve? So on the issue of gender transition, we are up against a social media business model that drives poor body image, outrage and polarization, and a healthcare industry that is built around intervention.最后一个问题：有没有“扭曲的激励机制”让问题更难解决？以性别转变议题为例，我们面对的是一种以社交媒体为基础的商业模式，它制造身体焦虑、煽动愤怒与极端对立；以及一种以“介入”为核心逻辑的医疗产业。

Listen Now