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Worobey said the virus likely spreads among the cows due to contact with milking machines, trucks or the shoes of farm workers. It then moves from cow to cow before making its way back to birds. Worobey said birds tested on the same farms as sick cows have a form of the virus with “clear mammalian adaptations.” In other words, the virus shows signs of changing before infecting the bird populations. 

沃罗比说，由于接触挤奶机、卡车或农场工人的鞋子，病毒可能在奶牛之间传播。然后它从一头牛转移到另一头牛，最后又回到鸟类身上。沃罗比说，在与病牛相同的农场进行测试的鸟类携带了一种具有“明显的哺乳动物适应性”的病毒。换句话说，病毒在感染鸟类之前就表现出了变化的迹象。 

Scientists say the best way to keep the virus from spreading to more cows, and possibly humans, is to test cows as often as possible and follow their movements. 

科学家表示，防止病毒传播给更多奶牛（甚至可能是人类）的最佳方法是尽可能频繁地对奶牛进行检测并跟踪它们的活动。 

Thomas Friedrich is a virology expert at the University of Wisconsin’s animal medical school. “We need to be able to do greater surveillance so that we know what’s going on.” 

托马斯·弗里德里希是威斯康星大学动物医学院的病毒学专家。“我们需要能够进行更大规模的监视，以便我们知道发生了什么。” 

Worobey said testing for active virus is one thing. But the tests must also look for antibodies, or evidence of past infections.

沃罗贝说，检测活性病毒是一回事。但测试还必须寻找抗体或过去感染的证据。 

“That is a really accessible and quick way to find out how widespread this is,” he said. 

他说：“这是了解这种情况有多普遍的一种非常容易且快速的方法。” 

Scientists are working to be sure that heating up the milk before it is put into containers for humans to drink is enough to kill the virus. The process is called pasteurization. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will have more information about that soon. 

科学家们正在努力确保在将牛奶放入容器供人类饮用之前将其加热足以杀死病毒。该过程称为巴氏灭菌。美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 将很快提供更多相关信息。 

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